Permethrin

Permethrin, the ingredient we now call by that name, was first synthesized in 1973. It belongs to the pyrethroid family, which are synthetic compounds inspired by a naturally occurring substance called pyrethrin found in chrysanthemums.

In the 1960s and 1970s, when the National Research Council in the United States was searching for effective insecticides, scientists looked to this natural compound as a basis for creating a stronger and longer-lasting solution.

As a result of these pioneering efforts, permethrin emerged as an insecticide with effectiveness against insects and minimal harm to mammals gaining widespread recognition worldwide.

Permethrin is widely used in both veterinary settings because of its ability to kill mites and insects. It is commonly utilized for treating scabies and lice in humans well as dealing with external pests in animals.

Additionally, permethrin plays a role in public health by controlling disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes, ticks, and mites. Its lasting effects and low toxicity to mammals are important factors that make it valuable, in the medical field.

Permethrin is a type of compound with the formula C21H20Cl2O3. It belongs to the pyrethroid family. It has a unique structure that includes cyclopropane carboxylate. With its three ester linkages, it becomes lipid soluble, allowing it to penetrate insect cuticles easily.

While Permethrin is not soluble in water and is slightly soluble in alcohol, it can dissolve in organic solvents. It remains relatively stable under mildly acidic conditions but breaks down when exposed to alkaline substances, heat, or ultraviolet light.

The production of permethrin involves a series of steps that rely on mixing 3 phenoxy benzyl alcohol with dichloro vinyl acid through esterification. This procedure requires the use of catalysts and solvents along with carefully controlled temperatures to create the desired pyrethroid compound. Given the nature of the structure of this compound, it is crucial to have precise control and extensive chemical expertise throughout the process.

Permethrin, similar to pyrethroids, works by interfering with the normal functioning of the nervous system. It specifically focuses on voltage-gated sodium channels, which are crucial for transmitting nerve signals.

Permethrin attaches to these channels, keeping them open for a duration. As a result, it causes prolonged nerve impulses leading to heightened excitement, paralysis, and eventual demise of the insect.

The unique structure of permethrin enables it to have an attraction to sodium channels in cold-blooded creatures like insects as compared to warm-blooded mammals. This is why permethrin is more harmful to pests than to humans or animals, It gets broken down and Expelled from the bodies of mammals quite quickly, which reduces the chances of any negative effects.

However, there may still be some symptoms like skin irritation, nausea, and headaches if there is exposure or improper use. It's important to remember that cats are an exception among mammals because they lack liver enzymes needed to break down permethrin, making it toxic for them.

Permethrin plays a role in the treatment of ectoparasitic infestations in humans, specifically scabies and lice. When it comes to treating scabies, topical permethrin formulations with a concentration of 5% are preferred due to their ability to kill mites.(1)

These formulations effectively eliminate the Sarcoptes scabiei mite for the condition (2). Similarly, a 1% formulation known as "Nix" is highly effective, against head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). By incapacitating the lice this preparation starves them, Prevents them from staying on the host's body.(3)

1. Mayo Clinic - Permethrin (Topical Route)

2. WebMD - Understanding Lice and Scabies -- Treatment

3. CDC - Parasite/ head lice treatment

Human Head Lice

Permethrin plays a role in public health vector control, especially in the prevention of diseases carried by insects such as ;

• Mosquitoes (which spread malaria, dengue, and Zika virus),
• Ticks (which transmit Lyme disease and other serious illnesses)
• Mites and sandflies (which can transmit leishmaniasis and other conditions).

Applying permethrin to clothing, bed nets, and camping gear is a measure to repel and eliminate these insects offering essential protection in areas where these diseases are prevalent.

Permethrin finds uses in both agriculture and animal husbandry. Its strong insect-killing properties make it a common choice for safeguarding crops against pests. This pyrethroid has proven effective in combating aphids, leafhoppers, stink bugs, caterpillars, and other similar threats.

Additionally, permethrin protects livestock from ticks, mites, lice, and blowflies. It is available in formulations such as sprays, dusts, and pour-on products. However, it is essential to follow recommended doses and application techniques to prevent the development of resistance among pests and potential harm to organisms.

Although not commonly used by everyone, permethrin is sometimes utilized as a way to repel insects from clothing and outdoor equipment. Applying permethrin to clothes forms a barrier that effectively keeps away various biting insects like mosquitoes, ticks, chiggers, and mites.

This method proves beneficial for individuals who enjoy outdoor activities, forestry professionals, and military personnel as it significantly reduces the risk of contracting insect-borne diseases. It's essential to remember that permethrin should not be directly applied to the skin as a repellent. Once it has dried it is generally safe for contact but may cause irritation if used in its liquid form on the skin.

Permethrins' strong insecticidal and acaricidal properties have caught the attention of researchers who are exploring their potential for treating skin conditions caused by arthropods. Some of these conditions include ;

• Demodicosis is a skin condition caused by the Demodex mite. Initial studies show that permethrin holds promise as a treatment option.
• Tungiasis, which occurs when the skin is penetrated by Tunga penetrans, a type of flea, has also shown results with permethrin treatment, according to certain reports.

However, it is important to note that further studies are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of permethrin in these cases and establish safe usage guidelines.

Permethrin cream, which is available in a 5% concentration, is widely recommended as the first choice treatment for scabies. To apply it generously, spread the cream over your body, starting from the neck downwards. Leave it on for a period of 8 to 14 hours before washing it off.

If you're dealing with head lice, you can use permethrin lotion with a 1% concentration. Apply it to your scalp and hair. Let it sit for approximately 10 minutes before rinsing thoroughly. If live lice are still present after seven to ten days, you may need to repeat the treatment. It's crucial to follow the instructions provided by healthcare professionals or product labels to ensure both effectiveness and safety.

Permethrin is frequently used in health and agricultural contexts either as a surface spray or applied onto fabrics. The concentration levels employed may differ depending on the purpose and target pest. It is crucial to adhere to the manufacturer's guidelines and local regulations to guarantee effective application. Professionals usually handle applications, particularly, in agricultural settings to minimize the likelihood of excessive exposure and environmental contamination.

Typically the side effects of using permethrin are not severe. Tend to be temporary. Some common effects may include ;

• Itching
• Tingling
• Numbness
• Rash at the area of application.

Mild skin irritation and redness can also occur. Additionally, there might be, A sensation of burning particularly when applied to the scalp.

Although rare, there is a possibility of experiencing side effects when permethrin is misused or overexposed to. These may include;

• Difficulty in breathing
• Rash or swelling
• Seizures
• Loss of consciousness.

If any of these symptoms occur, it is vital to seek immediate medical attention. It's also important to note that excessive exposure to permethrin in environments can be harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. This highlights the need, for application and proper disposal.

If someone has a known sensitivity to permethrin or other synthetic pyrethroids, it is recommended that they refrain from using permethrin. Allergic reactions can present themselves as skin irritation, hives, breathing difficulties, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. If any signs of a reaction appear, seeking immediate medical assistance is essential.

Although permethrin is generally considered safe, individuals with existing skin conditions may experience heightened irritation when applying it. If you have conditions like eczema or psoriasis, it's an idea to consult your healthcare provider before starting treatment. Additionally, it's important to use caution when using permethrin if you have skin lesions or if you are in poor health as there is a potential risk of increased skin absorption.

It's important to handle permethrin, an insecticide, with care and responsibility. Make sure to read and follow all instructions on the label and consider any additional advice from healthcare professionals. This involves applying the amount of permethrin for the recommended duration avoiding sensitive areas, and thoroughly washing off the medication.

To ensure both effectiveness and safety, it is best not to dilute the product unless specifically advised by a healthcare provider or stated on the label. Using permethrin extensively on areas of the body or, for prolonged periods, can increase the likelihood of experiencing side effects.

Although permethrin is generally safe for use it can pose risks if swallowed or inhaled. It is important for users to be cautious and avoid contact, with the mouth, nose, and eyes while applying the product. It is also recommended to apply it in a ventilated area to reduce the risk of inhaling it. If accidental ingestion occurs or if someone experiences breathing difficulties after exposure it is crucial to seek medical help.

Elderly patients generally tolerate permethrin well. However, considering that their skin can become more fragile and sensitive it is recommended to keep an eye out for any signs of skin irritation or other negative reactions.

Skin irritation

Permethrin falls under Category B in terms of pregnancy usage, indicating that it is not anticipated to pose any harm to a developing fetus. However, it is advisable to utilize it when absolutely necessary and while being closely monitored by a healthcare professional.

Although the passage of permethrin into breast milk remains uncertain lactating mothers should refrain from applying permethrin on their chest area to prevent exposure for their infants during breastfeeding.

Permethrin is considered safe for treating scabies and lice in children aged two months and above. However, it is important to observe children for any signs of skin irritation or negative reactions caused by permethrin. Just like with adults, it's crucial to keep an eye on children to prevent ingestion of the product.

The effects of being exposed to much permethrin may differ from person to person. It can range from skin irritation and a tingling sensation to more serious symptoms, like breathing problems, seizures or even losing consciousness.

Other signs that you might notice are feeling nauseous throwing up having stomach pain or experiencing a headache. If you experience any of these symptoms it's important to seek help right away.

If someone accidentally takes much permethrin, it's important to get medical help right away. Before a healthcare professional can assist, move the person to air if they show signs of breathing it in or to a safe area if they might have swallowed it. If the product gets on their skin or in their eyes, rinse with lots of water. Please don't make them vomit unless a doctor tells you to. Treating an overdose typically involves addressing the symptoms and providing support with actions based on the individual's condition.